Appendices - In the Minds of Men, Fifth Edition

   1. Revelation, Reason, and Revolution
   2. Preparing the Ground
   3. Foundations for Darwin's Theory
   4. Science and Geology
   5. Charles Darwin, M.A.
   6. The Species Question
   7. The First Missing Link
   8. From Mammal to Man
   9. More Fossil Men
10. Heads, Organs, and Embryos
11. The Age of the Earth
12. Old Earth, Young Earth
13. From Revelation to Scientism
14. The Road to Atheism
15. New World Order

Contents

Author

Preface

Introduction

Appendices

Notes

Bibliography

Index

<< PREV

GO TO START

NEXT >>

In the Minds of Men

Appendices

APPENDIX A

Malthusian Progression Derived From 1798 Edition of
An Essay on the Principle of Population

PERIOD IN YEARS	POPULATION GROWTH	SUBSISTENCE IN ACRES	POPULATION PER ACRE
25	2	2	1
50	4	3	1+
75	8	4	2
100	16	5	3+
125	32	6	5+
150	64	7	9+
175	128	8	16+
200	256	9	28
225	512	10	51
250	1,024	11	93
275	2,048	12	170
300	4,096	13	315

APPENDIX B

Increasing Estimates of the Age of the Earth

AUTHORITY	YEAR OF DETERMINATION	AGE IN MILLIONS OF YEARS
	1850	25
Kelvin	1862	20
Kelvin	1897	40
J. Joly	1899	90
Rayleigh	1921	1,000
W. O. Hotchkiss	1932	1,600
A. Holmes	1947	3,350
L. Ahrens	1949	2,500
A. Holmes	1956	4,500
Still accepted	1984	4,500

Note the sudden increase in estimated age with the introduction of the radiometric method in 1921. Throughout, the estimated age appears to double about every twenty years, and it would, therefore, seem another increase is imminent.

APPENDIX C

Uranium 238 to Lead 206 Decay Series

ISOTOPE	HALF-LIFE	EMISSION
Uranium 238	4.55 x 109 years	Alpha
Thorium 234	24.1 days	Beta
Protactinium 234	1.14 minute	Beta
Uranium 234	235,000 years	Alpha
Thorium 230	80,000 years	Alpha
Radium 226	1,660 years	Alpha
Radon 222	3.85 days	Alpha
Polonium 218	3.05 minutes	Alpha
Lead 214	26.8 minutes	Beta
Bismuth 214	19.7 minutes	Beta
Polonium 214	15 x 10-5 seconds	Alpha
Lead 210	2.22 years	Beta
Bismuth 210	4.97 days	Beta
Polonium 210	139 days	Alpha
Lead 206	stable	none

APPENDIX D

Velocity of Light. Values Decreasing

OBSERVER	METHOD	DATE	VALUE OF C (Km/s)
Bradley	Aberration	1740	300,650 --
Lindenau	Aberration	1783	300,460 +160
Struve	Aberration	1843	300,020 +160
Glasenapp	Jupiter Satellite	1861	300,050 --
Cornu/Helmert	Toothed Wheel	1874.8	299,990 +200
Cornu/Dorsey	Toothed Wheel	1874.8	299,990 +200
Harvard Observat.	Jupiter Satellite	1876.5	299,921 ± 13
Michelson	Rotating Mirror	1879.5	299,910 ± 50
Newcomb	Rotating Mirror	1882.7	299,860 ± 30
Michelson	Rotating Mirror	1882.8	299,853 ± 60
Nyren	Aberration	1883	299,850 ± 90
Perrotin	Toothed Wheel	1900.4	299,900 ± 80
Perrotin	Toothed Wheel	1902.4	299,860 ± 80
Perrotin/Prim	Toothed Wheel	1902.4	299,901 ± 84
Rosa/Dorsey	Electromag. units	1906.0	299,803 ± 30
Mercier	Waves on Wires	1923	299,795 ± 30
Michelson	Polygonal Mirror	1924.6	299,802 ± 30
Michelson	Polygonal Mirror	1926.5	299,798 ± 15
Mittelstaedt	Kerr Cell	1928.0	299,786 ± 10
Pease/Pearson	Polygonal Mirror	1932.5	299,774 ± 10
Anderson	Kerr Cell	1936.8	299,771 ± 10
Huttel	Kerr Cell	1937.0	299,771 ± 10
Anderson	Kerr Cell	1940.0	299,776 ± 10
Essen/Gordon-Smith	Cavity Resonator	1947	299,798 ± 3
Essen/Gordon-Smith	Cavity Resonator	1947	299,792 ± 3
Aslakson	Radar	1949	299,792.4 ± 2.4
Bergstrand	Geodimeter	1949	299,796 ± 2
Essen	Cavity Resonator	1950	299,792.5 ± 1
Hansen/Bol	Cavity Resonator	1950	299,794.3 ± 1.2
Bergstrand	Geodimeter	1950	299,793.1 ± 0.26
Bergstrand	Geodimeter	1951	299,793.1 ± 0.4
Aslakson	Radar	1951	299,794.2 ± 1.4
Froome	Radio Interferom.	1951	299,792.6 ±0.7
Bergstrand	Geodimeter	1953	299,792.85 ± 0.16
Froome	Radio Interferom.	1954	299,792.75 ± 0.3
Florman	Radio Interferom.	1954	299,795.1 ± 3.1
Scholdstrom	Geodimeter	1955	299,792.4 ± 0.4
Plyler et al.	Spectral Lines	1955	299,792 ± 6
Wadley	Tellurometer	1956	299,792.9 ± 2.0
Wadley	Tellurometer	1956	299,792.7 ± 2.0
Rank et al.	Spectral Lines	1956	299,791.9 ± 2
Edge	Geodimeter	1956	299,792.4 ± 0.11
Edge	Geodimeter	1956	299,792.2 ± 0.13
Wadley	Tellurometer	1957	299,792.6 ± 1.2
Froome	Radio Interferom.	1958	299,792.5 ± 0.1
Kolibayev	Geodimeter	1960	299,792.6 ± 0.06
Karolus	Modulated Light	1966	299,792.44 ± 0.2
Simkin et al.	Microwave Interf.	1967	299,792.56 ± 0.11
Grosse	Geodimeter	1967	299,792.50 ± 0.05
Bay / Luther / White	Laser	1972	299,792.462 ± 0.018
NBS (Boulder)	Laser	1972	299,792.460 ± 0.006
Evenson et al.	Laser	1973	299,792.4574 ± 0.0011
NRC/NBS	Laser	1973	299,792.458 ± 0.002
Blaney et al.	Laser	1974	299,792.4590 ± 0.0008
Woods et al.	Laser	1978	299,792.4588 ± 0.0002
Baird et al.	Laser	1979	299,792.4581 ± 0.0019
NBS (US)	Laser	1983	299.792.4586 + 0.0003

This table is taken from the following recently published report:
NORMAN, Trevor and Barry Setterfield. August 1987. Technical Report: The Atomic
Constants, Light, and Time. Flinders University of South Australia: (School of Mathematical
Sciences).

APPENDIX E

Electron Rest Mass. Values Increasing

AUTHORITY	REFERENCE	YEAR OF DETERMINATION	VALUE x 10^-31 Kg.
R.T. Birge	Rev. Mod. Phys. 1:1	1929	8.994
R.T. Birge	Science 75:383	1932	9.035
F.G. Dunnington	Rev. Mod. Phys. 11:70	1939	9.1070
R.T. Birge	Phys. Rev. 60:785	1941	9.1064
J.D. Ryder	Electronic Eng. Princ. p. 3	1947	9.1060
G.I. Blown	Mod. Valence Theory p. 167	1953	9.1066
W. J. Moore	Physical Chemistry p. 209	1950-56	9.1068
H. H. Sisler	General Chemistry p. 121	1949-59	9.1070
A. J. Woodall	Physics p. 1239	1955	9.1078
E. R. Cohen et al.	Rev. Mod. Phys. 27:363	1955	9.1083
W. J. Moore	Physical Chemistry p. 618	1957	9.1085
A. P. French	Princ. Mod. Physics p. 109	1958	9.1085
Wehr & Richards	Phy. of the Atom p.41	1960	9.1084
Cohen & DuMond	Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Nuc. Mass	1963	9.1091

APPENDIX F

Specific Charge or Charge to Mass Ratio Value Decreasing

AUTHORITY	REFERENCE	YEAR OF DETERMINATION	VALUE q m (x 10⁷ emu grm)
J.J. Thompson	Basic Physics, p. 893	1900	.7 600
Houston	Intro. to Atom. Phy. p. 337	1927	.7 600
R.T. Birge	Rev. Mod. Phys. 1:1	1929	.7 60
R.T. Birge	Science 75:383	1932	.7 60
F.G. Dunnington	Phys. Rev. 52:475	1937	.7 597
Houston	Intro. to Atom. Phys. p. 337	1938	.7 593
F.G. Dunnington	Rev. Mod. Phys. 11:70	1939	.7 591
R.T. Birge	Phys. Rev. 60:785	1941	.7 592
Ryder	Elec. Eng. Princ. p. 3	1947	.7 590
Gardner	Elec. & Mag. p. 639	1951	.7 589
Cohen & DuMond	Rev. Mod. Phys. 25:706	1953	.7 592
E.R. Cohen et al.	Rev. Mod. Phys. 27:363	1955	.7 589
P. Fano	Bas. Phys. At. & Mol. p. 11	1959	.7 589
Wehr & Richards	Phys. of the Atom p. 34	1960	.7 589

APPENDIX G

Plank's Constant. Values Increasing

AUTHORITY	REFERENCE	DETERMINATION	(x 10^-27 erg/sec)
M.E. Plank (In J.W. Nicholson)	R.A.S., Mon. Not. 72:677 629	1912	6.548
Ryerson Lab.	Electrons R.A. Millikan p.242	1904-15	6.260
L.P. Seig	Sc. Am. Supp. 1914, 78 (18 July): 46	1914	6.115
R.T. Birge	Rev. Mod. Phys. 1:1	1929	6.517
R.A. Millikan (In G.P. Thompson)	Sc. Am. 1930. 143 (30 July):38	1930	6.550
F.G. Dunnington	Rev. Mod. Phys. 11:70	1939	6.610
R.T. Birge	Phys. Rev. 60:785	1941	6.621
R.A. Millikan	Electrons p.242	1946	6.560
Martin & Connor	Basic Physics p.929	1951	6.622
G.I. Brown	Mod. Valence Theory p. 16, 23	1953	6.624
E.R. Cohen el al.	Rev. Mod. Phys. 27:363	1955	6.6251
W.J. Moore	Physical Chemistry p.618	1957	6.6252
A.P. French	Principles of Mod. Phys. p. 109	1958	6.6252
Wehr & Richards	Physics of the Atom p.65	1960	6.6253
Cohen & DuMond	Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Nuc. Mass	1963	6.6256
T. Barnes	C.R.S. Quarterly 1980, 17:46	1980	6.6262

APPENDIX H

Gyromagnetic Ratio. Values Decreasing

AUTHORITY	REFERENCE	DATE	g VALUE (rad/sec/gauss)
Thomas, Driscoll & Hippie	Phys. Rev. 78:787	1950	267 53.00
Cohen using the 1950 result	Fund. Const. Phys. p.269	1957	267 53.00
Driscoll & Bender	Phys. Rev. Lett. 1:413	1958	267 52.20
Vigoreux	Proc. Roy. Soc. A270:72	1962	267 52.03
Yagola, Zingermann & Sepetyi	Fund. Atom. Con. p.45	1963	267 51.31
Yanovskii & Studentov	Izmerit. Tekh. 5:24	1963	267 51:30
Cohen & DuMond	Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Nuc. Mass	1963	267 51.92
Taylor, Parker & Langenberg	Rev. Mod. Phys. 41:375	1969	267 51.96
Wertz & Bolton	Elec. Spin. Res. Table A	1972	267 51.00

Note: The first determination was carried out in 1946 but only reported to three figures.

APPENDIX I

Half-lives of Some Radioactive Elements Increasing

AUTHORITY	DATE	IONIUM (x 10⁴ years)	RADIUM A (mins.)	RADIUM F (days)	PROTO- ACTINIUM (x 104 years)	ACTINIUM (years)	ACTINIUM X (days)	ACTINIUM C: (mins.)	THORIUM C (mins.)	CARBON 14 (years)
Soddy	1904	--	2.77	--	--	--	--	--	--	--
Rutherford	1904	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	55.	--
Rutherford	1913	7.0	3.00	136.0	--	--	10.5	3.47	60.0	--
Rutherford	1930	7.6	3.05	136.3	1.25	13.4	11.2	4.76	60.5	--
Crowther	1936	7.6	3.05	136.5	1.20	20.0	11.2	4.71	60.8	--
Hoyle	1947	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	5550
Libby	1949	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	5568
Libby	1950	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	5580
Glasstone	1950	8.0	3.05	140.0	3.20	21.7	11.2	4.76	60.5	--
Korsunsky	1958	8.3	3.05	140.0	3.20	--	11.4	4.76	60.5	5720
Rev. Mod. Phys.	1958	8.0	3.05	138.4	3.43	21.6	11.7	4.79	60.5	--
Upsala	1963	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	5685
AWRE, Eng.	1963	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	5760
NBS, U.S.A.	1963	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	5780
Gregory	1966	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	5760
Lammerts	1970	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	5760

APPENDIX J

Carbon 14 Dates Reported in Radiocarbon Journal

SAMPLE DESCRIPTION	LOCATION	LAB. IDENTITY	RADIOCARBON (volume year)	AGE (Years)
Crude oil from 1,100 ft.	California	C-631	* 1952	24,000
Pleistocene wood	La Brea	LJ-55	1 1959	14,400
Petrified wood	Italy	Pi-75	3 1961	10,090
Neanderthal mandible	Libya	GrN-2022	5 1963	40,700
Neanderthal skeleton	Iraq	Grn-1495	5 1963	50,600
Mylodon dung	Chile	Sa-49	6 1964	10,200
Mammoth vertebra	Wyoming	A-372	6 1964	9,600
Mastodon bones	Ohio	M-1254	7 1965	10,700
Diprotodon molar	New Zealand	NZ-1	7 1965	11,100
Broken Hill man	Rhodesia	UCLA-630	7 1965	9,000
Coal	--	MO-334	8 1966	1,680
Fossil wood & coal	Spain	GIF-198 to	8 1966	3,930
Fossil wood & coal	Spain	GIF-278	8 1966	5,025
Natural gas	Mississippi	1-1149	8 1966	34,000
Neanderthal bones	Morocco	NY-73	10 1968	32,000
Sabre-tooth tiger femur	La Brea	UCLA- 1292	10 1968	28,000
Pleistocene wood	La Brea	UCLA- 1325	11 1969	8,550
Mammal bones associated with Zinjanthropus boisei	Africa	UCLA- 1321	11 1969	10,100

* Reported in Libby, W.F. 1952. Radiocarbon dating. University of Chicago Press.

APPENDIX K

Earth's Magnetic Field. Values Decreasing

AUTHORITY	YEAR	MAGNETIC MOMENT (amp per meter2) x 10²²
Gauss	1835	8.558
Adams	1845	8.488
Adams	1880	8.363
Neumayer	1880	8.336
Fritsche	1885	8.347
Schmidt	1885	8.375
Vestine et al.	1905	8.291
Vestine et al.	1915	8.225
Dyson-Furner	1922	8.165
Vestine et al.	1925	8.149
Vestine et al.	1935	8.088
Jones-Melotte	1942-43	8.009
Vestine et al.	1945	8.065
Afanasieva	1945	8.010
U.S.C. & G.S.	1945	8.066
Fanselau-Kautzleben	1945	8.090
U.S.C. & G.S.	1955	8.035
Finch-Leaton	1955	8.067
Nagata-Oguti	1958-59	8.038
Cain et al.	1959	8.086
Fougere	1960	8.053
Adam et al.	1960	8.037
Jensen-Cain	1960	8.025
Leaton et al.	1965	8.013
Hurwitz et al.	1965	8.017

APPENDIX L

POPULATION EXPLOSION

P_n = 2/C-l [C^n-x+1] [C^x - 1]

P_n = World population after n generations

n = Number of generations found by dividing total time by number of years per generation

x = Number of generations alive. If people live to see their grandchildren, x equals 3.

C = Half the number of children in the family. Zero population growth occurs when all children live to parenthood, and each set of parents has two children, C then equals 1.

The calculations are very simple and "ballpark" figures can be found quickly with a pocket calculator, while for the larger exponents, a set of common logarithm tables will be required.

Example 1: Assuming Archbishop Ussher was right and the earth was created about 4004 B.C., this would put the Genesis Flood at about 4,300 years ago. Although 4 couples survived, with insignificant error we can begin with 1 couple and take C equals 1.23, which means that throughout the total time, the average family has less than 2.5 children. This will take into account loss of population by disease, starvation, war, etc. Suppose people only lived for 43 years to simplify the calculation, and they lived to see their grandchildren so that there were 3 generations alive at any one time, thus x equals 3. n is found by dividing 4,300 by 43 equals 100 generations.

P_n today = 2/1.23-1 [1.23^100-3+1] [1.23³ - 1]

P_n today = 8.70 [l.23⁹⁸] [0.86]

P_n today = Approximately 4.8 billion

By imposing these very severe restrictions on population growth, and bearing in mind that historical records show large families until relatively recent times which allows even greater depopulation by natural disaster, it is seen that the world population derived is just about the actual world population for today. The time frame of 4,300 years would, therefore, seem reasonably correct.

Example 2: Suppose that the conditions were exactly as in Example 1 except that the timeframe was expanded to 1 million years. In this case, n would be given by 1,000,000 divided by 43 equals 23,256 generations. C remains at 1.23 and x equals 3.

P_n today = 2/1.23-1 [l.23^23256-3+1] [l.23³-l]

P_n today = 7.48 [l.23²³²⁵⁴]

P_n today = 7.48 x antilog [23254 x log (1.23)]

P_n today = 7.48 [4.50 x 10²⁰⁹⁰]

P_n today = 3.37 x 10²⁰⁹¹

Mathematicians have given thought to the largest number possible, and, to have any meaning, the total number of electrons in the universe has been considered as a candidate. By computation this number is 1090, a mere drop in the bucket compared to 102091! In other words, if mankind had been multiplying at this very modest rate for a million years, the population would by now be so great that when packed shoulder to shoulder, it could not be accommodated within the entire universe! Alternatively, in order to finish with the world population as we find it today, only one family in every 500 having more than two children would have survived. Surely an extraordinary rate of decimation.

End of Appendices - In the Minds of Men

<< PREV

GO TO START

NEXT >>