Bopaki ba Lefatše le Lenyenyane
ka D. Russell Humphreys, Ph.D
12 Bopaki ba Saense le ba Kahlolo e Tlwaelehileng bo bontshang 
Bofelo ba Tlholeho kaofela e le ka tlase ho Lilemo tse 10,000
https://wwwcreationism.org/sesotho/YoungWorld_st.htm
Ho tsoa ho: Tlholeho e Bohlokoa, Moqolo oa 4, No. 4 - Phupu / Phato 1999
Koranta ea litaba ea makhetlo a mabeli ka khoeli ea Mokhatlo oa Lipatlisiso tsa Tlholeho (CRS)
Ngaka Humphreys le CRS ba fane ka tumello bakeng sa
"Bopaki ba Lefatše le Lenyenyane" hore e kopitsoe (kenyelletsa sena
ka kopo kenyeletsa tsebiso ena) bakeng sa morero ofe kapa ofe oa thuto, o sa etseng phaello.

Mona ke liketsahalo tsa tlhaho tse leshome le metso e 'meli tse hanyetsanang le mohopolo oa khōlo ea lintho ka ho iphetola hore bokahohle bo na le lilemo tse libilione. Lipalo tseo ke li thathamisang ka tlase (hangata ke limilione/libilione tsa lilemo) ke lilemo tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa tse ka bang teng tse behiloeng ke ts'ebetso ka 'ngoe, eseng lilemo tsa 'nete. Lipalo tsena ke lilemo tse hlokoang ke khopolo-taba ea tlhaho bakeng sa ntho ka 'ngoe. Ntlha ke hore lilemo tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa tse ka bang teng li lula li le tlase haholo ho feta lilemo tse hlokoang ke khopolo-taba ea tlhaho, ha lilemo tsa Bibele (lilemo tse 6,000 ho isa ho 10,000) li lula li leka-lekane hantle ka har'a lilemo tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa tse ka bang teng. Ka hona - lintlha tse 12 tse ka tlase ke bopaki bo khahlanong le kemiso ea nako ea khōlo ea lintho le bakeng sa kemiso ea nako ea Bibele.

Bopaki bo bongata ba lefatshe le letjha bo teng, empa ke kgethile dintlha tsena bakeng sa bokgutshwane le bonolo. Dintlha tse ding lenaneng lena di ka utlwisiswa le ka kgalefo ya bokahohle bo kgalefetseng feela ka ho etsa dipolelo-taba tse ngata tse sa kgonahaleng le tse sa pakwang; tse ding di ka tsamaelana feela le kgalefo ya bokahohle bo bocha. Lenane le qala ka diketsahalo tsa dinaledi tse hole mme le theohela fatshe, le qetella ka dintlha tsa bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi.

1.   Lihlopha tsa linaleli li itjheseletsa kapele haholo
2.   Dihlakubele di a putlama ka potlako haholo
3.   Ha ho na seretse se lekaneng botebong ba leoatle
4.   Ha ho na sodium e lekaneng ka leoatleng
5. Mabelo a makenete a lefatshe a fokotseha ka potlako haholo
6.   Meqathatso e mengata e kobilwe haholo
7.   Lejwe la lehlabathe le kentweng le kgutsufatsa "dilemo" tsa jeoloji
8.   Ho ba mahlahahlaha ha lifolose ho khutsufatsa "dilemo" tsa jeoloji ho isa dilemong tse mmalwa feela
9.   Haeliamo libakeng tse fosahetseng
10. Ha ho na masapo a lekaneng a mehleng ea majoe
11. Temo e sa le morao haholo
12.   Nalane e kgutshwane haholo

  1. Dikhalexi di itjheseletsa ka lebelo le leholo haholo
Dinaledi tsa kgalexe ya rona, Milky Way, di potoloha bohareng ba kgalexe ka lebelo le fapaneng, tse kahare di potoloha ka lebelo le phahameng ho feta tse kantle. Lebelo le bonweng la ho potoloha le lebelo haholo hoo haeba kgalexe ya rona e ne e na le dilemo tse fetang dimilione tse makgolo a mmalwa, e ka be e le disiki ya dinaledi e se nang sebopeho se ikgethang ho ena le sebopeho sa yona sa jwale sa seporale.1

Leha ho le jwalo, ho nahannwe hore kgalexe ya rona e na le bonyane dilemo tse dibilione tse 10. Borapopae ba bitsa sena "qaka ea ho itokisa," eo ba bileng ba e tseba ka lilemo tse mashome a mahlano. Ba qapile likhopolo-taba tse ngata ho leka ho e hlalosa, 'me e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e hlotsoe kamora nako e khutšoanyane ea ho ratoa. Qaka ena e tšoanang ea "ho itokisa" e sebetsa le ho linaleli tse ling.

Ka lilemo tse mashome tse 'maloa tse fetileng, teko e ratoang ka ho fetisisa ea ho rarolla qaka ena e bile khopolo-taba e rarahaneng e bitsoang "maqhubu a botenya."1 Khopolo-taba ena e na le mathata a kutloisiso, e tlameha ho lokisoa ka mokhoa o sa reroang le ka nepo e kholo, 'me haufinyane tjena e 'nile ea belaelloa haholo ke tsebiso ea Hubble Space Telescope ea sebopeho se qaqileng sa mokoloko bohareng ba "Whirlpool" galaxy, M51.2

Bona hape:  Morena o "Otlolositse Maholimo" ho tloha Bekeng ea Tlholeho
 

  2. Dinaledi tse nang le mohatla di a qhaqhoha ka potlako haholo
Ho ya ka kgopolo ya kgolo ya ditshedi, di-comet di lokela ho ba tsa dilemo tse tshwanang le tsa tsamaiso ya letsatsi, e leng dilemo tse ka bang dibilione tse 5. Empa nako le nako ha comet e potoloha haufi le letsatsi, e lahlehelwa ke thepa ya yona e ngata hoo e neng e ke ke ya phela nako e telele ho feta dilemo tse ka bang 100,000. Di-comet tse ngata di na le dilemo tse tlwaelehileng tsa dilemo tse 10,000.3

Bafuputsi ba thuto ea khōlo ea lintho ba hlalosa phapang ena ka ho nahana hore (a) linaleli tse chesang li tsoa lerung le sa bonoeng le chitja le bitsoang "Oort cloud" le hole haholo le potoloho ea Pluto, (b) likamano tse sa tloaelehang tsa matla a khoheli le linaleli tse fetang ka seoelo hangata li sutumelletsa linaleli tse chesang ka har'a tsamaiso ea letsatsi, le (c) likamano tse ling tse sa tloaelehang le lipolanete li fokotsa lebelo la linaleli tse chesang tse kenang hangata ho lekana ho hlalosa linaleli tse chesang tse makholo tse bonoeng.4 Ho fihlela jwale, ha ho le e nngwe ya dikgopolo tsena e netefaditsweng ebang ke ka ditlhokomelo kapa ka dipalo tse utlwahalang.

Haufinyane tjena, ho bile le dipuo tse ngata ka "Kuiper Belt," e leng sekoahelo se batlang se tshwana le poleiti se nkwang e le mohlodi wa dinaledi tse nang le mohatla, se fumanehang sebakeng se batlang se le lehlakoreng le bataletseng la tsamaiso ya letsatsi, kantle ho potoloho ya Pluto. Le haeba ho na le mekgobo ya leqhwa sebakeng seo, e ne e ke ke ya rarolla bothata ba batho ba dumelang thutong ya tlhaho, hobane ho ya ka thuto eo, Kuiper Belt e ne e tla fela kapele haeba ho ne ho se na Oort cloud e e fepang.

  3. Ha ho na seretse se lekaneng botebong ba leoatle
Selemo se seng le se seng, metsi le meya li cheka hoo e ka bang ditone tse dibilione tse 25 tsa mobu le majwe ho tswa dikontinenteng mme di di beha ka lewatleng.5 Disebediswa tsena di bokellana e le mmu o repileng (ke hore, seretse) hodima lejwe le thata la basalt (le bopilweng ke lapa) la botlaase ba lewatle. Botebo bo karolelano ba seretse sohle ka hara lewatle lohle, ho kenyeleditswe le di-continental shelf, bo ka tlase ho dimithara tse 400.6

Tsela e ka sehloohong e tsebahalang ea ho tlosa seretse botlaaseng ba leoatle ke ka ho tebeha ha mapolanka a tectonic. Ke hore, botlaase ba leoatle bo thella butle (lisenthimithara tse seng kae ka selemo) ka tlas'a lik'honthinente, bo nka seretse se itseng le bona. Ho latela lingoliloeng tsa saense tsa sejoale-joale, tšebetso eo hajoale e tlosa feela litone tse bilione tse le 1 ka selemo.6 Ho ea kamoo ho tsejoang kateng, litone tse ling tse bilione tse 24 ka selemo li mpa li bokellana feela. Ka lebelo leo, khoholeho e ne e tla beha lerōle la hajoale ka nako e ka tlase ho lilemo tse limilione tse 12.

Leha ho le joalo, ho latela khopolo-taba ea tlhaho, khoholeho le ho teela ha mapolanka a lefatše li ntse li tsoela pele nako eohle eo maoatle a bileng teng, e leng lilemo tse ka bang libilione tse 3. Haeba ho ne ho le joalo, lebelo le boletsoeng ka holimo le fana ka maikutlo a hore maoatle a ne a tla tlala seretse se seholo haholo se botebo ba lik'hilomithara tse mashome. Tlhaloso e 'ngoe (ea ba lumelang tlholehong) ke hore khoholeho e tsoang metsing a Likhohola la Genese e phallang ho tloha lik'honthinenteng e ile ea beha seretse se teng hona joale ka nako e khuts'oane lilemong tse ka bang 5000 tse fetileng.

  4. Ha ho na sodium e lekaneng lewatleng
Selemo se seng le se seng, dinoka7 le mehlodi e meng9 di tshela ditone tse fetang dimilione tse 450 tsa sodium ka lewatleng. Ke 27% feela ea sodium ena e khonang ho tsoa ka leoatleng selemo se seng le se seng.8,9 Ho ea kamoo ho tsejoang kateng, e setseng e mpa e bokellana feela ka leoatleng. Haeba leoatle le ne le se na sodium qalong, le ka be le bokelletse bongata ba lona ba hona joale ka nako e ka tlase ho lilemo tse limilione tse 42 ka sekhahla sa kajeno sa ho kena le ho tsoa.9 Sena se fokolang haholo ho feta lilemo tsa khōlo ea leoatle, e leng bilione tse 3 tsa lilemo. Karabo e tloaelehileng ho phapang ena ke hore tseno ea sodium nakong e fetileng e tlameha e ne e le nyane 'me tsoo e le kholoanyane. Leha ho le joalo, lipalo-palo tse etselitsoeng ho lumellana le maemo a khōlo ea tlhaho ka hohle kamoo ho ka khonehang li ntse li fana ka lilemo tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa tsa limilione tse 62 feela.9 Lipalo-palo10 tsa likarolo tse ling tse ngata tsa metsi a leoatle li fana ka lilemo tse nyane haholo bakeng sa leoatle.

  5. Mabelo a makenete a lefatshe a senyeha ka potlako haholo
Matla ohle a bolokiloeng lebaleng la makenete la lefatše a theohile ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng ka karolo ea 2.7 lilemong tse 1000 tse fetileng.11 Likhopolo tsa khōlo e itlelang tse hlalosang ho theoha hona ho potlakileng, hammoho le hore na lefatše le ka be le bolokile lebala la lona la makenete joang ka libilione tsa lilemo, li rarahane haholo ebile ha li lekane.

Ho na le khopolo e molemo haholo ea bopaki ba tlholeho. E otlolohile, e thehiloe holim'a fisiksi e tiileng, 'me e hlalosa likarolo tse ngata tsa tšimo ena: tlholeho ea eona, ho phetloha ho potlakileng nakong ea likhubu tsa Genese, ho theoha le ho nyoloha ha matla a holimo ho fihlela nakong ea Kreste, le ho senyeha ho tsitsitseng ho tloha ka nako eo.12 Khopolo ena e tsamaellana le datha tsa paleomagnetic, tsa histori, le tsa hajoale.13 Sephetho se seholo ke hore matla a tšimo kaofela (eseng matla a holimo) esale a senyeha bonyane ka lebelo le tšoanang le la hona joale. Ka lebelo leo, matla ana a ka se be le lilemo tse fetang 10,000.14

  6. Mela e mengata e kobehile haholo
Libakeng tse ngata tsa lithaba, mekhahlelo ea mafika e botenya ba maoto a likete e kobeha 'me ea menahana ho ba libopeho tse kang sekonopo sa moriri. Sekala se tloaelehileng sa nako sa jeoloji se re meaho ena e ne e patiloe ka botebo 'me ea tiea ka lilemo tse makholo a limilione pele e kobeha. Empa ho menahana hona ho etsahetse ho sa robehe, ka li-radii tse nyenyane hoo moaho oohle o neng o tlameha o ntse o le metsi ebile o sa tiea ha o kobeha. Sena se bolela hore ho menahana ho etsahetse ka nako e ka tlase ho lilemo tse likete kamora ho teoa.15

  7. Lejwe la lehlabathe le kentweng le kgutsufatsa "dilemo" tsa jeoloji
Ho na le bopaki bo matla ba jeoloji16 bo bontšang hore lejoe la lehlabathe la Cambrian Sawatch - le ileng la thehoa ho thoeng ke lilemo tse limilione tse 500 tse fetileng - la phatloha ea Ute Pass ka bophirimela ho Colorado Springs, le ne le ntse le sa tiea ha le ntse le sutumetsoa holimo ho fihla bokaholimong nakong ea ho phahama ha Lithaba tsa Rocky, ho thoeng ke lilemo tse limilione tse 70 tse fetileng. Ho bonahala e le ntho e sa kgoneheng hore lejwe la lehlabathe le ne le ke ke la tiya nakong ya dilemo tse ka etsang dimilione tse 430 tseo ho nahanoang hore le bile ka tlasa lefatshe. Ho ena le hoo, ho ka etsahala hore diketsahalo tsena tse pedi tsa jeoloji di ne di arohane ka dilemo tse sa feteng makgolo, ka hona ho kgutsufatsa haholo nako ya jeoloji.

  8. Radioactivity ea lifossile e khutsufatsa "lilemo" tsa jeoloji ho isa lilemong tse seng kae
Li-radiohalo ke liring tsa mebala tse thehiloeng ho potoloha likaroloana tse nyenyane haholo tsa liminerale tse nang le radioactivity ka har'a likristale tsa mafika. Ke bopaki ba li-fossil ba ho bola ha radioactivity. 17 Li-radiohalo tsa Polonium-210 tse "hateletseng" li supa hore meaho ea Jurassic, Triassic, le Eocene sebakeng se phahameng sa Colorado e ile ea bokellana ka hare ho likhoeli tse seng kae, eseng ka mora lilemo tse makholo a limilione joalokaha ho hlokahala ke kemiso e tloaelehileng ea nako.18 Li-radiohalo tsa Polonium-218 tse "sele", tse se nang bopaki ba likarolo tsa tsona tsa motso, li fana ka maikutlo a hore e ka ba tlholeho ea hang-hang kapa liphetoho tse kholo litekanyong tsa ho bola ha maoto-oto.19,20

  9. Helium libakeng tse sa lokelang
Malapa ohle a lintho tsa tlhaho tse nang le radioactivity a hlahisa helium ha li ntse li bola. Haeba ho bola hona ho ne ho etsahetse ka lilemo tse libilione, joalokaha ba tšehetsi ba khōlo ea liphedi ba bolela, helium e ngata e ne e lokela ho kena sepakapakeng sa lefatše. Sekgahla sa tahlehelo ya helium ho tswa sepakapakeng ho ya sepakapakeng se ka lekanngwang mme se senyane. Ha ho shejwa tahlehelo eo, sepakapaka sa kajeno se na le 0.05% feela ya bongata ba helium boo se neng se ka be se bokeletse dilemong tse dibilione tse 5.21 Sena se bolela hore sepakapaka se batjha haholo ho feta dilemo tse bolelwang tsa kgolo ya diphedi.

Phuputso e phatlalalitsoeng ho Journal of Geophysical Research e bontša hore helium e hlahisoang ke ho bola ha lik'habone tse kotsi (radioactive decay) maqhoeng a tebileng, a chesang ha e so be le nako ea ho baleha. Leha maqhoa ana ho nahanoa hore a na le lilemo tse fetang bilione, ho tšoara ha 'ona helium ka bongata ho fana ka maikutlo a hore a na le lilemo tse likete feela.22

  10. Masapo a mehleng ea majoe ha a lekane
Bo-ramahlale ba thuto ea tsoelopele ea batho ba re mehla ea majoe e nkile bonyane lilemo tse 100,000, nakong eo palo ea batho lefatšeng ea Ma-Neanderthal le Ma-Cro-magnon e neng e batla e sa fetohe, lipakeng tsa limilione tse 1 le tse 10. Ka nako eo kaofela ba ne ba pata bafu ba bona le lintho tsa bona tsa khale.23 Ho latela ketsahalo ena, ba ka be ba patile bonyane litopo tse libilione tse 4.24 Haeba kemiso ea nako ea khōlo ea lintho e nepahetse, 'me haeba masapo a patiloeng a ka tšoarella nako e telele haholo ho feta lilemo tse 100,000 (joalo ka ha ho le ka li-dinosaur tsa "lilemo tse limilione tse 70"), joale masapo a mangata a nkoang a le bilione tse 4 a mehleng ea majoe a ne a lokela hore ebe a ntse a le teng (mme ka sebele lintho tsa khale tse patiloeng). Empa ho fumanoe feela tse likete tse 'maloa. Sena se bontša hore mehla ea majoe e bile mekhutšoanyane haholo ho feta kamoo bafuputsi ba thuto ea khōlo ea lintho ba nahanang, lilemo tse makholo a seng makae libakeng tse ngata.

  11. Temo ke ea haufinyane haholo
Setšoantšo se tloaelehileng sa khōlo ea lintho se bontša hore batho ba phetse e le batsomi le bahlokomeli ka lilemo tse 100,000 nakong ea mehla ea majoe pele ba fumana temo lilemong tse ka tlase ho 10,000 tse fetileng.23 Leha ho le jwalo, bopaki ba boepolli bo bontsha hore batho ba mehleng ya majwe ba ne ba le bohlale jwaloka rona. Ho bonahala ho sa kgonehe hore ho se be le le a mong wa batho ba ka bang dibilione tse 4 ba boletsweng ntlheng ya 10 ya ileng a fumana hore dimela di mela ka peo. Ho ka etsahala haholo hore batho ba bile ntle le temo ka dilemo tse sa feteng makgolo a mmalwa kamora Morwallo, haeba e le hore ba kile ba ba ntle le yona.24

  12. Nalane e kgutshwane haholo
Ho latela batšehetsi ba khōlo ea lintho, motho oa mehleng ea majoe o phetse lilemo tse 100,000 pele a qala ho ngola lirekoto lilemong tse ka bang 4000 ho isa ho 5000 tse fetileng. Motho oa mehleng ea pele ho nalane o ile a haha meaho e meholo ea majoe, a etsa litšoantšo tse ntle ka mahaheng, mme a boloka lirekoto tsa mekhahlelo ea khoeli.25 Hobaneng a ka emela lilemo tse sekete tsa lilemo-kholo pele a sebelisa litsebo tse tšoanang ho ngola nalane? Tekanyo ea nako ea Bibele e na le monyetla o moholo haholo.24
 

    REFERENCES

1. Scheffler, H. and H. Elsasser, Physics of the Galaxy and Interstellar Matter, Springer-Verlag (1987) Berlin, pp. 352-353, 401-413.
2. D. Zaritsky et al., Nature, July 22, 1993. Sky & Telescope, December 1993, p. 10.
3. Steidl, P. F., “Planets, comets, and asteroids,” in Design and Origins in Astronomy, G. Mulfinger, ed., Creation Research Society Books (1983), pp. 73-106.
4. Whipple, F. L., “Background of modern comet theory,” Nature 263 (2 Sept 1976) 15.
5. Gordeyev, V. V. et al., “The average chemical composition of suspensions in the world’s rivers and the supply of sediments to the ocean by streams,” Dockl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR 238 (1980) 150.
6. Hay, W. W., et al., “Mass/age distribution and composition of sediments on the ocean floor and the global rate of subduction,” Journal of Geophysical Research, 93, No B12 (10 December 1988) 14,933-14,940.
7. Maybeck, M., “Concentrations des eaux fluviales en elements majeurs et apports en solution aux oceans,” Rev. de Geol. Dyn. Geogr. Phys. 21 (1979) 215.
8. Sayles, F. L. and P. C. Mangelsdorf, “Cation-exchange characteristics of Amazon River suspended sediment and its reaction with seawater,” Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 41 (1979) 767.
9. Austin, S. A. and D. R. Humphreys, “The sea’s missing salt: a dilemma for evolutionists,” in Proc. 2nd Internat. Conf. on Creationism, Vol. II, Creation Science Fellowship (1991).
10. Austin, S. A., “Evolution: the oceans say no!” ICR Impact No. 8 (Oct. 1973) Institute for Creation Research.
11. Merrill, R. T. and M. W. McElhinney, The Earth’s Magnetic Field, Academic Press (1983) London, pp. 101-106.
12. Humphreys, D. R., “Reversals of the earth’s magnetic field during the Genesis Flood,” in Proc. 1st Internat. Conf. on Creationism, Vol. II, Creation Science Fellowship (1987), pp. 113-126.
13. Coe, R. S., M. Prévot, and P. Camps, “New evidence for extraordinarily rapid change of the geomagnetic field during a reversal,” Nature 374 (20 April 1995) pp. 687-92.
14. Humphreys, D. R., “Physical mechanism for reversals of the earth’s magnetic field during the Flood,” in Proc. 2nd Intern. Conf. on Creationism, Vol. II, Creation Science Fellowship (1991).
15. Austin, S. A. and J. D. Morris, “Tight folds and clastic dikes as evidence for rapid deposition and deformation of two very thick stratigraphic sequences,” in Proc. 1st Internat. Conf. on Creationism, Vol. II, Creation Science Fellowship (1986), pp. 3-15.
16. Ibid, pp. 11-12.
17. Gentry, R. V., “Radioactive halos,” Annual Review of Nuclear Science 23 (1973) 347-362.
18. Gentry, R. V. et al., “Radiohalos in coalified wood: new evidence relating to time of uranium introduction and coalification,” Science 194 (15 Oct. 1976) 315-318.
19. Gentry, R. V., “Radiohalos in a radiochronological and cosmological perspective,” Science 184 (5 Apr. 1974) 62-66.
20. Gentry, R. V., Creation’s Tiny Mystery, Earth Science Associates (1986) P.O. Box 12067, Knoxville, TN 37912-0067, pp. 23-37, 51-59, 61-62.
21. Vardiman, L., The Age of the Earth’s Atmosphere: a Study of the Helium Flux through the Atmosphere, Institute for Creation Research (1990) P.O. Box 2667, El Cajon, CA 92021.
22. Gentry, R. V. et al., “Differential helium retention in zircons: implications for nuclear waste management,” Geophys. Res. Lett. 9 (Oct. 1982) 1129-1130. See also ref. 20, pp. 169-170.
23. Deevey, E. S., “The human population,” Scientific American 203 (Sept. 1960) 194-204.
24. Marshak, A., “Exploring the mind of Ice Age man,” Nat. Geog. 147 (Jan. 1975) 64-89.
25. Dritt, J. O., “Man's earliest beginnings: discrepancies in the evolutionary timetable,” in Proc. 2nd Internat. Conf. on Creationism, Vol. I., Creation Science Fellowship (1990), pp. 73-78.
 

Dr. Russell Humphreys, a Senior Physicist at Sandia National Laboratories, is a board member of the Creation Research Society, and is a leader in the Creation Science Fellowship of Albuquerque.

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