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Studies in Comparative Religion, Legend & Law www.creationism.org/books/FrazerFolkloreOT/ by Sir James George Frazer ©1918 - Now in Public Domain, i.e. Free to Copy |
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Contents & Introduction |
Creation of Man |
The Fall of Man |
The Mark of Cain |
The Great Flood |
The Tower of Babel |
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Introductory comments by Paul Abramson, Editor of: www.creationism.orgSir James George Frazer wrote an impressive 3 volume set of negative commentaries on Genesis. This book (published in 1918, by MacMillan, London, England) is the first volume (from Creation till the Tower of Babel). He was a proud scoffer, but the evidence that he assembled in order to try to attack Scriptural integrity is simply great. So ignore Frazer's temporal theorizing about "Jehovistic" vs. "Priestly" documents; unrepentant scoffers like him later had to abandon such spurious attacks. (Frazer sought out contrived errors and wanted to discredit Scripture - but just looking at the evidence that he assembled in 1918 - from around the world - gee, I see faith building similarities! I'd like to thank him.)
By the beginning of the 20th Century most of the world had been "discovered," mapped, and the "Civilized World" had been successively introduced (over the course of the previous 300 years or so) to the wide variety of life and heritages from around the globe. From staid scientific publications to the sensationalist popular media of the modern era an array of new and exotic discoveries had been heralded and duly discussed by kings and emperors, along with theologians and philosophers as well as by the common man.
The "Christian World" tried to assimilate all of the new knowledge flowing into the generally understood historical conventions of: The Creation, Man's Fall from Grace, the Great Flood and the Tower of Babel as generally accepted historical events, particularly since the Bible is very clear on their humankind encompassing scope and precise sequence. All of humankind shares the same origins heritage until breaking up during the dispersion at Babel. Therefore - all of humankind should still retain remnants of these stories in their diverse cultures.
In 1918 Sir James George Frazer brought much of the compendium of world legends as related to biblical accounts together into this well researched volume. The carefully cataloged recollections in these 5 long chapters (the printed book is 400 pages!) had been slowly brought back to the "Civilized World" by many different ship captains, traders, missionaries, historians and other inquisitive travelers to distant lands. Men had tried to compare and contrast these various beliefs against their own "Christian" knowledge of the distant past.
The longest single chapter (#4; about 250 pages) concerns the many surviving records of the Great Flood in the world. They're found on every continent. The Global Flood of about 5,000 years ago left the strongest single historical imprint upon all of humanity, no matter where on the globe folks had later moved to and settled.
Yet in spite of all the evidence supporting the Bible's accounts of our early history (of about 6,000 years) we're increasingly in danger of losing our true common history. Skeptics and modern false teachers have proclaimed that the Flood of Noah was merely "regional" in scope, even though the Bible is quite clear: (Genesis 7:19b) "...all the high hills, that [were] under the whole heaven, were covered." In Frazer's time, just as today, doubts of the Bible's absolute accuracy abounded, as you will see in his commentaries throughout this volume. But when we look at this today - we can see how well these foundational events of humanity's origins were still remembered around the world - even up until less than 100 years ago.
This book was scanned in, fully re-formatted, and (mostly) spell checked (British English spelling), and it is now in the public domain - meaning that it is free for you to copy and use in any way. One request though ... even if you re-post the entire text or excerpts elsewhere, please let folks know where it originally came from (i.e. www.creationism.org) and please let them know that we're still adding more quality creation science information each month. (Digitizing this book took a lot of work and we will have more materials on the way for you.) Lord Bless you.
[from Chapter IV - The Flood] "...the calamity which their traditions say once befell them, destroying the whole human race, excepting one man, who landed from his canoe on a high mountain in the West. This tradition, however, was not peculiar to the Mandan tribe, for amongst one hundred and twenty different tribes that I have visited in North and South and Central America, not a tribe exists that has not related to me distinct or vague traditions of such a calamity, in which one, or three, or eight persons were saved above the waters..."Painter and traveler, George Catlin, 1830's
CONTENTS
Two different accounts of the creation of man in Genesis .
. . . .
. 3
The Priestly and the Jehovistic narratives .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 4
The Jehovistic the more primitive . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . 5
Babylonian and Egyptian parallels . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . 5
Greek legend of the creation of man out of clay .
. . . .
. . . . 6
Australian and Maori stories of the creation of man out of clay
. . . .
. 8
Tahitian tradition : creation of woman out of man's rib
. . . .
. . . . 9
Similar stories of the creation of woman in Polynesia .
. . . .
. . . 10
Similar Karen and Tartar stories . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
10
Other stories of the creation of man in the Pacific .
. . . .
. . . .
11
Melanesian legends of the creation of men out of clay .
. . . .
. . . 12
Stories of the creation of man in Celebes .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . 12
Stories told by the Dyaks of Borneo . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . 14
Legend told by the natives of Nias . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
15
Stories told by the natives of the Philippines .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 16
Indian legends of the creation of man . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . 17
Cheremiss story of the creation of man . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . 22
African stories of the creation of man . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . 22
American stories of the creation of man . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 24
Our first parents moulded out of red clay .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . 29
Belief of savages in the evolution of man out of lower animals
. . . .
. . 29
American Indian stories of the evolution of men out of animals
. . . .
. . 29
African and Malagasy stories of the evolution of men .
. . . .
. . . 32
Evolution of men out of fish in Africa and Borneo .
. . . .
. . . .
33
Descent of men from trees and animals in the Indian Archipelago
. . . .
34
Descent of men from animals in New Guinea .
. . . .
. . . .
. 36
Descent of men from fish and grubs in the Pacific .
. . . .
. . . . 40
Evolution of men out of animals in Australia .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 41
Evolutionary hypothesis of Empedocles . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 44
Creation or evolution ? . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . 44
The temptation and the fall, the woman and the serpent .
. . . .
. 45
The two trees . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . 46
The Tree of Life and the Tree of Death . .
. . . .
. . . .
. 47
The Creator's good intention frustrated by the serpent .
. . . .
. 48
The serpent's selfish motive for deceiving the woman .
. . . .
. 49
Widespread belief in the immortality of serpents .
. . . .
. . . 49
Story of the Fall, a story of the origin of death .
. . . .
. . . . 51
2. The Story of the Perverted Message
Hottentot story of the Moon and the hare . .
. . . .
. . . .
. 52
Bushman story of the Moon and the hare . .
. . . .
. . . .
. 53
Nandi story of the Moon and the dog . .
. . . .
. . . .
. 54
Hottentot story of the Moon, the insect, and the hare .
. . . .
. . 55
Bushman story of the Moon, the tortoise, and the hare .
. . . .
. . 56
Louyi story of the Sun and Moon, the chameleon and the hare .
. . . .
57
Ekoi story of God, the frog, and the duck .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 58
Gold Coast story of God, the sheep, and the goat .
. . . .
. . . . 58
Ashantee story of God, the sheep, and the goat .
. . . .
. . . .
59
Akamba story of God, the chameleon, and the thrush .
. . . .
. . . 61
Togoland story of God, the dog, and the frog .
. . . .
. . . .
. 62
Calabar story of God, the dog, and the sheep .
. . . .
. . . .
. 63
Bantu story of God, the chameleon, and the lizard .
. . . .
. . . .
63
The miscarriage of the message of immortality .
. . . .
. . . .
. 65
§ 3. The Story of the Cast Skin
Supposed immortality of animals that cast their skins .
. . . .
. . 66
How men missed immortality and serpents, etc., obtained it .
. . . .
66
Belief that men formerly cast their skins and lived for ever
. . . .
. . 68
Belief that men used to rise from the dead after three days .
. . . .
. 71
How men missed immortality and the Moon obtained it .
. . . .
. 73
Bahnar story how men used to rise from the dead .
. . . .
. . . 73
Rivalry between men and serpents, etc., for immortality .
. . . .
. 74
§ 4. The Composite Story of the Perverted Message and the Cast Skin
Galla story of God, the blue bird, and the serpent .
. . . .
. . . 74
Stories of the Good Spirit, men, and serpents .
. . . .
. . . .
75
Original form of the story of the Fall of Man . . . . . . . . . . 76
The theory that the mark was a tribal badge .
. . . .
. . . .
. 78
Homicides shunned as infected . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . 79
Attic law concerning homicides . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . 80
Seclusion of murderers in Dobu . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . 80
Belief in the infectiousness of homicides in Africa .
. . . .
. . . 81
Earth supposed to spurn the homicide . .
. . . .
. . . .
. 82
Wanderings of the matricide Alcmaeon . .
. . . .
. . . .
. 83
Earth offended by bloodshed and appeased by sacrifice .
. . . .
. . . 84
The homicide's mark perhaps a danger-signal to others .
. . . .
. . 85
The mark perhaps a protection against the victim's ghost .
. . . .
. . 86
Ceremonies to appease the ghosts of the slain .
. . . .
. . . . 86
Seclusion of murderer through fear of his victim's ghost .
. . . .
. . 88
Fear of ghosts of the murdered, a motive for executing murderers
. . . . 89
Protection of executioners against the ghosts of their victims
. . . .
. . 89
Bodily marks to protect people against ghosts of the slain .
. . . .
. 91
Need of guarding warriors against the ghosts of the slain .
. . . .
. 92
Various modes of guarding warriors against the ghosts of the slain
. . . .
93
Faces or bodies of manslayers painted in diverse colours .
. . . .
. 95
The mark of Cain perhaps a disguise against the ghost of Abel
. . . .
98
Advantage of thus interpreting the mark . .
. . . .
. . . .
. 100
The blood rather than the ghost of Abel prominent in the narrative
. . . 101
Fear of leaving blood of man or beast uncovered .
. . . .
. . .101
Superstition a crutch of morality . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . 103
Huxley on the Great Flood . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. 104
The present essay a study in folk-lore . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 105
Bearing of flood stories on problems of origin and diffusion
. . . .
. 106
§ 2. The Babylonian Story of a Great Flood
Babylonian tradition recorded by Berosus . .
. . . .
. . . .
107
Nicolaus of Damascus on the flood . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 110
Modern discovery of the original Babylonian story .
. . . .
. . . 110
The Gilgamesh epic . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 111
Journey of Gilgamesh to Ut-napishtim . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 112
Ut-napishtim's story of the Great Flood . .
. . . .
. . . .
. 113
The building of the ship—the embarkation—the storm .
. . . .
. . 114
The sending forth of the dove and the raven—the landing .
. . . .
. 116
Other fragmentary versions of the Babylonian story .
. . . .
. . . 118
Sumerian version of the flood story . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . 120
The flood story borrowed by the Semites from the Sumerians .
. . . .
124
The scene of the story laid at Shurippak on the Euphrates .
. . . .
. . 124
§ 3. The Hebrew Story of a Great Flood
The story in Genesis . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 125
The story compounded of two different narratives .
. . . .
. . . . 130
The Priestly Document and the Jehovistic Document .
. . . .
. . . 131
Late date and ecclesiastical character of the Priestly Document
. . . .
. 131
Its contrast with the Jehovistic Document .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 134
Verbal differences between the Priestly and the Jehovistic Documents
. . . 136
Material differences between the documents in the flood story
. . . .
. 137
The Jehovistic document the older of the two .
. . . .
. . . .
. 139
Dependence of the Hebrew on the Babylonian story of the flood
. . . .
140
Fanciful additions made to the flood story in later times .
. . . .
. . 143
§ 4. Ancient Greek Stories of a Great Flood
Deucalion and Pyrrha . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 146
The grounding of the ark on Parnassus . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 148
Aristotle and Plato on Deucalion's flood .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . 148
Ovid's rhetorical account of the flood . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . 149
Athenian legend of Deucalion's flood . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . 151
The grave of Deucalion and the Water-bearing Festival at Athens
. . . .
152
Story of Deucalion's flood at Hierapolis on the Euphrates .
. . . .
. . 153
Water festival and prayers at Hierapolis .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . 154
Deucalion, the ark, and the dove . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
154
Phrygian story of a flood associated with King Nannacus .
. . . .
. 155
Noah's flood on coins of Apamea Cibotos in Phrygia .
. . . .
. . 156
Greek traditions of three great floods. The flood of Ogyges
. . . .
. 157
Dates assigned by ancient authorities to the flood of Ogyges
. . . .
. 158
The flood of Ogyges and the vicissitudes of the Copaic Lake .
. . . .
160
The ruins of Gla on a stranded island of the lake .
. . . .
. . . . 161
The flood of Dardanus. Home of Dardanus at Pheneus
. . . .
. . 163
Alternations of the valley of Pheneus between wet and dry .
. . . .
. 164
The water-mark on the mountains of Pheneus .
. . . .
. . . .
165
Samothracian story of great flood consequent on opening of Dardanelles
. . 167
The Samothracian story partially confirmed by geology .
. . . .
. . . 168
The Samothracian story probably a speculation of an early philosopher
. . 170
Story of Deucalion's flood perhaps an inference from the configuration
of Thessaly . 171
The Vale of Tempe . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . 172
The Greek flood stories probably myths of observation .
. . . .
. . 174
§ 5- Other European Stories of a Great Flood
Icelandic story of a deluge of blood . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 174
Welsh story of a flood . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . 175
Lithuanian story of a great flood . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
176
Flood story told by the gipsies of Transylvania .
. . . .
. . . .
177
Vogul story of a great flood . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
178
Relics of the flood in Savoy . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
179
§ 6. Supposed Persian Stories of a Great Flood
Supposed traces of a flood story in ancient Persian literature
. . . .
. 179
The sage Yima and his blissful enclosure .
. . . .
. . . .
. 180
§ 7. Ancient Indian Stories of a Great Flood
The story in the Satapatha Brahmana. Manu and the fish .
. . . .
. 183
The story in the Mahabharata . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
185
The story in the Sanscrit Puránas .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
187
§ 8. Modern Indian Stories of a Great Flood
Stories told by the Bhils and Kamars of Central India .
. . . .
. . 193
Stories told by the Hos and Mundas of Bengal .
. . . .
. . . . 195
Stories told by the Santals of Bengal . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 196
Stories told by the Lepchas of Sikhim and tribes of Assam .
. . . .
198
Shan story of a great flood . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. 199
Tradition concerning the Vale of Cashmeer .
. . . .
. . . .
. 204
Geological confirmation of the tradition .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 205
The tradition probably a myth of observation .
. . . .
. . . .
. 206
§ 9. Stories of a Great Flood in Eastern Asia
Stories told by the Karens and Singphos of Burma .
. . . .
. . . 208
Story told by the Bahnars or Bannavs of Cochin China .
. . . .
. . 209
Stories told by the aborigines of the Malay Peninsula .
. . . .
. . 211
Story told by the Lolos of Southern China .
. . . .
. . . .
. 212
Chinese tradition of a great flood . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . 214
A Chinese emperor on Noah's flood . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 215
Kamchadale story of a great flood . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . 216
Mongolian story of a great flood . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . 217
§ 10. Stories of a Great Flood in the Indian Archipelago
Stories told by the Battas of Sumatra . .
. . . .
. . . .
. 217
Stories told by the natives of Nias and Engano .
. . . .
. . . 219
Stories told by the Dyaks of Borneo . .
. . . .
. . . .
. 220
Stories told by the natives of Celebes . .
. . . .
. . . .
. 222
Stories told by the natives of Ceram and Rotti .
. . . .
. . . 223
Story told by the natives of Flores . .
. . . .
. . . .
. 224
Stories told by the Philippine Islanders .
. . . .
. . . .
. 225
Stories told by the wild tribes of Formosa .
. . . .
. . . . 225
Story told by the Andaman Islanders . .
. . . .
. . . . 233
§ 11. Stories of a Great Flood in Australia
Story told by the Kurnai of Victoria . .
. . . .
. . . .
. 234
Stories told by other tribes of Victoria .
. . . .
. . . .
. 235
Stories told by the aborigines of South Australia and Queensland
. . . 236
§ 12. Stories of a Great Flood in New Guinea and Melanesia
Stories told by the natives of New Guinea .
. . . .
. . . . 237
R. Neuhauss on stories of a flood in New Guinea .
. . . .
. 238
Fijian story of a great flood . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . 239
Melanesian story of a great flood . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 240
§ 13. Stories of a Great Flood in Polynesia and Micronesia
Wide diffusion of such stories in the Pacific .
. . . .
. . . . 241
Tahitian legends of a great flood . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 242
Hawaiian legends of a great flood . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 245
Mangaian story of a great flood . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 246
Samoan traditions of a great flood . .
. . . .
. . . .
. 249
Maori stories of a great flood . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . 250
Story of a great flood told by the Pelew Islanders .
. . . .
. 253
§ 14. Stories of a Great Flood in South America
Stories told by the Indians near Rio de Janeiro .
. . . .
. . . 254
Story told by the Caingangs of Southern Brazil .
. . . .
. . . 256
Story told by the Carayas of Brazil . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . 257
Story told by the Ipurina of the Purus River .
. . . .
. . . . 259
Story told by other Indians of the Purus River .
. . . .
. . . . 260
Story told by the Jibaros of the Upper Amazon .
. . . .
. . . . 260
Story told by the Muratos of Ecuador . .
. . . .
. . . .
. 261
Story told by the Araucanians of Chili . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 262
Story told by the Ackawois of British Guiana .
. . . .
. . . . 263
Story told by the Arawaks of British Guiana .
. . . .
. . . . 265
Story told by the Macusis of British Guiana .
. . . .
. . . . 265
Stories told by the Indians of the Orinoco .
. . . .
. . . . 266
Stories told by the Muyscas or Chibchas of Bogota .
. . . .
. 267
Geological evidence as to the valley of Bogota .
. . . .
. . . . 268
Story told by the Canaris of Ecuador . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 268
Stories told by the Peruvian Indians . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 269
Story told by the Chiriguanos of Bolivia .
. . . .
. . . . 272
Story told by the Fuegians . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . . 273
§ 15. Stories of a Great Flood in Central America and Mexico
Stories told by the Indians of Panama and Nicaragua .
. . . .
. 273
Mexican tradition of a great flood . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 274
Michoacan legend of a great flood . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 275
Story of a great flood in the Popol Vuh . .
. . . .
. . . . 276
Story told by the Huichol Indians of Mexico .
. . . .
. . . . 277
Stories told by the Cora Indians of Mexico .
. . . .
. . . . 279
Story told by the Tarahumares of Mexico . .
. . . .
. . . 280
Story told by the Caribs of the Antilles .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 281
§
16. Stories of a Great Flood in North America
.
Story told by the Papagos of Arizona . .
. . . .
. . . .
. 281
Stories told by the Pimas . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. 282
Story told by the Zuñi Indians of New Mexico .
. . . .
. . . . 287
Stories told by the Californian Indians . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 288
Story told by the Natchez of the Lower Mississippi .
. . . .
. . . 291
Story told by the Mandan Indians . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 292
Annual Mandan ceremonies commemorative of the flood .
. . . .
. 293
Story told by the Cherokee Indians . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 294
Story of a Great Flood widely spread among the Algonquin .
. . . .
. 295
Story told by the Montagnais Indians of Canada .
. . . .
. . . . 295
Story told by the Crees . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 297
The Algonquin story told in full by the Chippeways .
. . . .
. . . . 297
An Ojibway version of the same story . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 301
Another Ojibway version of the same story .
. . . .
. . . . 305
Another Ojibway version of the same story .
. . . .
. . . . 307
Another version of the same story told by the Blackfoot Indians
. . . .
. 308
Another version of the same story told by the Ottawas .
. . . .
. . 308
Another version of the same story told by the Crees .
. . . .
. . 309
Another version of the same story told by the Dogrib and Slave Indians
. . 310
Another version of the same story told by the Hareskin Indians
. . . .
. . 310
Stories of a Great Flood told by the Tinneh Indians .
. . . .
. . . 312
Stories told by the Tlingit Indians of Alaska .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 316
Story told by the Haida Indians of Queen Charlotte Islands .
. . . .
. 319
Story told by the Tsimshian Indians of British Columbia .
. . . .
. 319
Story told by the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia .
. . . .
. 320
Story told by the Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia .
. . . .
. 320
Story told by the Lillooet Indians of British Columbia .
. . . .
. . 321
Story told by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia .
. . . .
. 322
Story told by the Kootenay Indians of British Columbia .
. . . .
. 323
Stories told by the Indians of Washington State .
. . . .
. . . . 323
Story told by the Indians of the Lower Columbia River .
. . . .
. 325
Stories told by the Eskimo and Greenlanders .
. . . .
. . . . 326
§ 17. Stories of a Great Flood in Africa
General absence of flood stories in Africa .
. . . .
. . . .
. 329
Reported traces of such stories . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . 329
Stories of a Great Flood reported in East Africa .
. . . .
. . . . 330
§ 18. The Geographical Diffusion of Flood Stories
Absence of flood stories in a great part of Asia .
. . . .
. . . . 332
Rarity of flood stories in Europe . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . 333
Absence of flood stories in Africa . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 333
Presence of flood stories in the Indian Archipelago, New Guinea,
Australia, Melanesia, Polynesia, and America .
. . . .
. . . . 333
The Hebrew flood story derived from the Babylonian .
. . . .
. . 334
Most other flood stories apparently independent of the Babylonian
. . . .
334
Greek flood stories not borrowed from the Babylonian .
. . . .
. . 335
Ancient Indian story probably independent of the Babylonian .
. . . .
. 335
Wide diffusion of the Algonquin story in North America .
. . . .
. 337
Evidence of diffusion in South America and Polynesia .
. . . .
. . 338
Story told by the Anals of Assam . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . 378
Story told of the pyramid of Cholula in Mexico .
. . . .
. . . . 379
Story told by the Toltecs of Mexico . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 382
Karen and Mikir versions of the Tower of Babel .
. . . .
. . . . 383
Admiralty Islands' version of the Tower of Babel .
. . . .
. . . . 383
Stories as to the origin of the diversity of tongues
in Greece, Africa,
Assam, Australia, and America . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. 384
§ 19. The Origin of Stories of a Great Flood
Old theory of a universal deluge supported by evidence of fossils
. . . .
. 338
Survivals of the theory of a universal deluge in the nineteenth century
. . . . 340
Stories of a Great Flood interpreted as solar, lunar, or stellar myths
. . . . 341
Evidence of geology against a universal deluge .
. . . .
. . . .
. 342
Philosophical theories of a universal primeval ocean .
. . . .
. . . . 343
Many flood stories probably reminiscences of real events .
. . . .
. . 343
Memorable floods in Holland . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. 344
Floods caused by earthquake waves in the Pacific .
. . . .
. . . . 347
Some flood stories in the Pacific probably reminiscences of earthquake
waves . . 351
Inundations caused by heavy rains . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. 352
Babylonian story explained by annual inundation of the Euphrates valley
. . . 353
Suess's theory of a flood caused by an earthquake and a typhoon
. . . .
. . 356
Objections to the theory . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . . 356
Diluvial traditions partly legendary, partly mythical .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 359
Myths of observation based on geological configuration and fossils
. . . .
. . 360
All flood stories probably comparatively recent .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 360
The Tower of Babel and the confusion of tongues .
. . . .
. . . 362
Later Jewish legends as to the Tower of Babel .
. . . .
. . . . 364
The Tower of Babel probably a reminiscence of a temple-tower
. . . .
365
Two such ruined temple-towers at Babylon .
. . . .
. . . .
. 365
The mound of Babil, formerly a temple of Marduk .
. . . .
. . . . 366
Inscriptions of Nabopolassar and Nebuchadnezzar at Babil .
. . . .
. 367
The mound of Birs-Nimrud, formerly a temple of Nebo .
. . . .
. . 369
Inscription of Nebuchadnezzar at Birs-Nimrud .
. . . .
. . . .
. 370
Ruined temple-tower at Ur of the Chaldees .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . 371
Inscription of Nabonidus at Ur . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. 372
The temple-tower at Ur perhaps seen by Abraham .
. . . .
. . . . 373
Theories as to the primitive language of mankind .
. . . .
. . . . 374
Experimental attempts to determine the primitive language .
. . . .
. 375
African stories like that of the Tower of Babel .
. . . .
. . . .
. 377
Story told by the Anals of Assam . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 378
Story told of the pyramid of Cholula in Mexico .
. . . .
. . . .
379
Story told by the Toltecs of Mexico . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 382
Karen and Mikir versions of the Tower of Babel .
. . . .
. . . . 383
Admiralty Islands' version of the Tower of Babel .
. . . .
. . . . 383
Stories as to the origin of the diversity of tongues
in Greece, Africa,
Assam, Australia, and America . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
384